Which condition is represented by the appearance of white patches on the tongue?

The condition represented by the appearance of white patches on the tongue is leukoplakia. This condition is characterized by the formation of thick, white patches that can develop on the oral mucosa, including the tongue. It often arises in response to chronic irritation—common causes include tobacco use, chronic friction, or certain infections.

In contrast, thrush is a fungal infection caused by Candida species, leading to white patches that can also appear on the tongue, but these patches are typically softer and may be accompanied by symptoms such as soreness or difficulty swallowing. Aphthous ulcers, or canker sores, present as painful, shallow, and round lesions with a white or grayish center and are not associated with white patches on the entire tongue. Fordyce spots are small, painless, pale spots that can appear on the lips or buccal mucosa and are not pathological; they are sebaceous glands that are usually harmless.

Understanding the specific characteristics of these conditions is essential for differentiating between them, as it aids in accurate diagnosis and appropriate management.